The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Heung-kyu Kim, Baeg-Soon Cha, Hyung-Pil Park, Dong Han Kim, Min Jae Song, May 2012
A finite element simulation of ISBM (Injection Stretch-Blow Molding) Process was conducted based on visco-plastic material model assumption for PET. ISBM process for obtaining a circular PET bottle was designed in terms of stretch displacement and blow pressure. And parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of visco-plastic properties on the final properties of PET bottle. Based on the finite element simulation results, the predictability and limitations of visco-plastic material model was discussed.
In this study, highly tubular porous chitosan/poly (DL lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocomposite structures were produced via electrospinning and unidirectional freeze drying techniques. The 3D porous structure of chitosan/PLGA was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The properties of the chitosan/PLGA nanocomposite, including porosity, water absorption, and mechanical properties, were investigated. The results showed that a highly tubular porous structure with nano-topography was formed and the compressive modulus increased greatly due to the addition of PLGA nanofibers.
Anita Redhead, Andreas Frank, Gerald Pinter, May 2012
Two different HDPE-grades were investigated concerning media-resistance. Cyclic tests with CRB-specimen were conducted under three different configurations, tests on exposed and unexposed specimens and tests in a special glass cell with a liquid environment. Additionally conventional immersion-tests with subsequent tensile-tests, OIT-measurement and Infraredspectroscopy were done. A swelling effect of both media and a skin-deep chemical aging was evidenced. Cyclic CRB tests showed comparable results with more pronounced effects for the results of the media cell.
Adrian Kelly, Chaitrali Kulkarni, Tim Gough, Ravindra Dhumal, Anant Paradkar, May 2012
Solid dispersions of the poorly soluble, thermolabile drug Artemisinin in a polymer matrix have been developed using twin screw extrusion. Artemisinin is a particularly challenging drug to use in melt extrusion due to its inherently temperature and process sensitive nature. A co-polymer developed for pharmaceutical extrusion was used as the matrix material and experiments were performed to assess the suitability of this drug-polymer combination at a range of drug loadings and process conditions. The drug was found to act as a plasticizer during extrusion and to be miscible in the polymer matrix. Artemisinin was found to be susceptible to degradation at extended residence times at process temperature. A half length extruder screw configuration was used to minimize degradation of the drug and this yielded optimum drug release rates.
M. Feldmann, AA Mamun, A.K. Bledzki, H.
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P. Heim, May 2012
Bio-based polyamides, such as PA 6.10/ Nylon 6.10 and PA 10.10, were compounded with different cellulosic fibers for injection molding applications. PA 6.10 is partly bio-based (>60%) and possessing properties very similar to those of common PA 6. The melting point of PA 6.10 is 220°C and therefore compounding with thermally sensitive cellulose fibres is a challenge. A compounding process for engineering polymers, like polyamide with cellulose fibres, was developed and optimized. It is gentle to the fibers, even at temperatures above 200°C. Furthermore, the molding process parameters were also optimized. Different mechanical properties were studied. The high impact behavior and lightweight potentiality were analyzed for bio-composites with cellulosic fibres.
The main drawback of natural fiber reinforced composite is their low mechanical properties. In order to overcome this problem, the hybridization of natural fiber with synthetic fiber was proposed. This work is focused on evaluation of mechanical properties in particular elastic modulus of short glass-jute fiber hybrid polypropylene composite. The specimens have been fabricated by injection molding with different jute/glass fiber hybrid ratios. Experimentally, the tensile modulus of hybrid composite increased with increasing jute fiber content. Theoretically, the elastic modulus is predicted by using classical lamination theory (CLT). The fiber orientation was determined from the fracture surface observation method. Prediction by CLT showed close agreement with experimental values with a maximum deviation of about 5.6%.
Andrzej K. Bledzki, Hans-Peter Heim, Martin Rohleder, Sebastian Schaub, May 2012
Foamed polymers are well know for a high energy absorption and mechanical and acoustic damping. Foams in these applications were usually produced by extrusion or reaction foaming. Based on this fact, injection moulded foams are rarely analysed with regard to their damping behavior at dynamic load. This investigation deals with the analysis of injection moulded polycarbonate foams, produced with physical blowing agent. The materials were characterized with an falling dart impact test setup. An analysis of the dependence of temperature, the influence of the applied load and the molecular weight of the polycarbonate was carried out.
In this study, a numerical stability analysis of the film blowing process is performed considering non- isothermal processing conditions, non-Newtonian behavior of the polymer and physically limiting criteria (maximum tensile and/or hoop stress) in order to investigate the complex relationship between processing conditions (internal bubble pressure, heat transfer coefficient, mass flow rate, cooling air temperature, melt/die temperature), material parameters (extensional viscosity, rupture stress, Newtonian viscosity, flow activation energy, power law index) and film blowing stability.
Recyclable, recycled-content, or bio-based plastics packaging will require more than just the right technologies and materials for sustained growth. Sustainable packaging acceptance and use will also require increasing the number of informed, enthusiastic retailers and packaging consumers interested in being “greener.” In short, their positive attitudes must be turned into buying and recycling behaviors. This paper focuses on one way in which packaging producers are drawing consumers’ attention to the recycled-content, recyclability, or bio-basis of new plastic packaging. Simple messages on the packaging itself not only can clarify green claims about the packaging, but can also serve as calls for consumer action. This paper considers the effectiveness of various messages and, referencing the U.S. Federal “Green Guides,” considers the ways in which a clear, honest sustainability claim can be communicated to both informed and skeptical audiences.
Due to increasing desire to incorporate biocomposites into numerous applications, there is high demand for welding methods that produce consistent, high-strength joints. A servo-driven ultrasonic welding system for joining bio-derived polylactic acid (PLA) and polypropylene (PP) biocomposites was evaluated. The primary objective was to evaluate material weldability and not, at this stage, to necessarily optimize the weld process. An injection-moldable grade of PLA plastic was included in this study due to its high popularity. Wheat straw-filled PP biocomposite-welded samples were compared to non-filled PP and glass-filled PP samples.
I. Sedat Gunes, Cesar Perez-Bolivar, Guillermo Jimenez, Fengyu Li, Pavel Anzenbacher, Sadhan Jana, May 2012
Non-covalent interactions between the carbon nanofibers (CNFs), oxidized carbon nanofibers (ox-CNFs), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains, and benzotriazole-containing UV stabilizers were analyzed using time resolved fluorescence emission spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The results indicated that PMMA chains form hydrogen bonds both with ox-CNF fibers and the UV stabilizer molecules. It was also determined that UV stabilizers strongly interact with CNF particles via ?-? interactions. The extent of ?-? and hydrogen bonding interactions was determined to be lower between ox-CNF particles and UV stabilizers due to less perfect graphitic structure of the former.
Kun Chen, Lianfu Zheng, Pihui Pi, Xiufang Wen, View Paper
Zhiqi Cai, Shouping Xu, Jiang Cheng, Zhuoru Yang, May 2012
For the purpose of corrosion inhibition of aluminium pigments in corrosive media, encapsulated flaky aluminium powders were prepared through the procedure of sol-gel with tetraethoxysilane(TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilicane?MTES?as precursors. The influences of the precursor, ammonia, deionized water dosages, reaction temperature and time were investigated. Under the optimum condition, the efficiency of corrosion inhibition achieved 97.2% in acid media of pH 1. The analysis with Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) showed that both TEOS and MTES hydrolyzed and condensed at the same time to be able to form a dense netlike sol- gel layer on the surface of aluminium pigments. The corrosion resistance of aluminum pigments encapsulated by hybrid coating film of TEOS and MTES was compared with that of aluminum pigments only by TEOS or by MTES. The hybrid coating film formed from TEOS and MTES showed more excellent corrosion resistance, due to its compactness and surface methyl groups which have excellent hydrophobic capability.
Polymers are generally known for their excellent insulative properties. The addition of carbonaceous fillers within a polymer matrix can impart electrical and thermal properties making them good conductors. The resulting composites can be used in various applications including heaters/heating elements, for which resistive metals have been the materials of choice. The advantages of using such composites include cost reduction, chemical resistance, lighter weight, and flexibility to easily design and fabricate complex three- dimensional shapes via injection molding. For this work, various conductive thermoplastic composites were investigated as heating elements utilizing the mechanisms of Joule heating. First, composites and test specimens were prepared via melt extrusion and injection molding respectively. Thereafter, electrical and thermal properties were characterized using techniques developed in house. Results from experiments indicated significant advantages in using semi-crystalline polymers as matrices due to the superior electrical properties at equivalent filler loading. It was also determined that heating rate and maximum/plateau temperature were mainly a function of specimen resistance (formulation parameter) and voltage. Additionally, it was demonstrated that it is possible to develop polymeric heaters with operating temperatures up to 200°C. Moreover, these composites have self-regulating thermal characteristics different than the positive temperature coefficient mechanisms seen in olefin-based polymeric heaters.
In this article, epoxy resin with silane coupling agent and bisphenol A epoxy resin were used to graft nanosilica. A comparative study of PLA/nanosilica composites prepared by grafted nanosilica was conducted. The properties were characterized by mechanical properties, FTIR, DSC and SEM. It confirmed that the functional groups has been successfully grafted onto nanoparticles, and improve the properties of PLA. Results show that the nanocomposites with bisphenol A epoxy resin obtain the better properties.
Katherine M.H. Shipley, K. Jayaraman, K.L. Nichols, May 2012
Stress-?strain curves under uniaxial tension have been evaluated at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 145 C for glass bead filled polypropylene, glass flake filled polypropylene and unfilled polypropylene. Debonding of the fillers in the elastic regime leads to growing voids in the composites, which affects the yield point and the plastic deformation of the expanded composites. Models were fitted to the elastic and plastic regimes of deformation in the various materials at different temperatures.
During hot plate welding, the final forging phase can be controlled by either pressure or displacement. When using pressure control, the parts are placed under constant pressure thereby simultaneously squeezing and cooling the melt until the interface solidifies. In displacement control, the parts are pressed together until mechanical stops are reached and the weld cools further under no pressure. In this work, we studied contact hot plate welding of high HDPE and ABS using low and high temperature hot plate with both pressure and displacement control. For HDPE, the weld strength was high regardless of the hot plate temperature or control method. For ABS high temperature hot plate welding produced stronger joints for both control methods.
James M. Sloan, D. Flanagan, C. Pergantis, P. Touchet, H. Feuer, May 2012
The purpose of this work was to perform a comparative analysis of various candidate nitrile coated fabric materials supplied by potential vendors to be used as fuel storage tanks and compare the results to the currently fielded polyurethane storage tanks. Our strategy is to utilize advanced environmental ageing methods to simulate extended weathering conditions. Our results demonstrate that the nitrile coated fabrics performed well in our evaluation. Their breaking strengths are about equal to the currently fielded urethanes and they performed comparably when subjected to environmental ageing conditions.
J. H. Kim, Hyuk Kim, M.-Y. Lyu, S. H. Choi, H. J. Kim, May 2012
Rubber compounds have high viscoelastic property. The viscoelastic behaviors shown in die extrusion are an extrudate swell and circulation flow at the entrance of die. Application of viscoelastic models to a capillary extrusion has been investigated in this study. Experiment and simulation have been performed using fluidity tester and commercial CFD code, Polyflow respectively. Die swells of rubber compounds through a capillary die have been predicted using various viscoelastic models, such as PTT, Giesekus, and POMPOM models. Simulation results of die swell were compared with the experiment. Pressure drops, velocity distributions and circulation flows at the corner of reservoir have been analyzed through computer simulations.
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and FT-IR was used to examine a series of highly sulfonated poly(styrene- isobutylene-styrene) (SIBS) block copolymers. Sulfonation levels of 53%, 64% and 97% were studied. These block copolymers were subsequently neutralized with three inorganic counter-ions, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+. The substitution of inorganic counter-ions maintained the glass transition temperature of the membrane at -60°C regardless of cation exchanged and increased the modulus of the rubbery plateau indicative of a crosslinking complex formation. New relaxations were observed above Tg for the highly sulfonated counter-ion substituted samples attributed to the Tg of the functionalized styrene segments. FT-IR results show a shifting of the IR bands attributed to the sulfonate groups when counter-ions are added, indicating the formation chemical crosslinks.
Ying Zhang, Marianna Kontopoulou, J.Scott Parent, Savvas G. Hatzikiriakos, Chul B. Park, May 2012
Reactive modification of linear PP by radical mediated grafting in the melt state is investigated as a means of increasing its melt strength, thus resulting in improved foam processing characteristics. A tri-functional coagent, triallyl trimesate (TAM) is used to introduce long chain branching to the linear PP homopolymer. Rheological characterization is conducted to relate the rheological properties to the modified PP chain architecture. The foaming behaviour of the linear and branched PPs is investigated using a batch foaming apparatus with N2 as a blowing agent.
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