The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Alan Stall , Thomas Hicks , Carl Frauenpreis , Vladimir Sinani , Tatyana Samoylova, May 2010
Currently, many small twin-screw extruders cannot directly blend specific blue pre-blended composites with temperature and shear sensitive yellow pigments to produce a uniform green color. This research will show a new mixing method, one employing a singlescrew extruder joined directly to a low temperature, low shear, low pressure extensional flow mixer, to develop a 1-pass, mixing process, which creates a superior homogenous, vibrant color from dissimilar, incompatible materials. The challenge was to achieve adequate distribution and dispersion, without generating enough energy from shear, temperature, and pressure which would degrade the sensitive yellow constituent of this mix and turn it brown when degraded.
In the packaging of plastic-encapsulated microelectronics (PEM), microchip encapsulation has been the dominant technique for encapsulation processes. With the tendency of the technologies continuously moving toward smaller scale and higher density, the existed defects problems during fabrication become more and more important. Among those problems, wire sweep and paddle shift are the most common. In this study, an integrated CAE technology which gives a comprehensive solution for microchip encapsulation has been developed. By using this technology, wire sweep and paddle shift predictions under different molding conditions can be obtained, and the simulation results also demonstrate the feasibility of our technology for practitioners to analyze their mold designs for microchip encapsulation.
Ya-Yuen Chou , Yuan-Jung Chang , A. J. Giacomin, May 2010
When injection molding long slender hollow parts with closed ends, like test tubes, an unevenly advancing melt front around the cores results in core deflection, a pervasive problem especially when the parts are thinwalled. Accurately predicting core deflection problems is accomplished by considering the distributed load on the core caused by the normal stress distribution acting on the cores. In this paper, the effect of fluid elasticity on core deflection is explored by incorporating melt memory into the prediction of core deflection using the upper convected Maxwell model. The Deborah number is then used to represent the dimensionless amount of elasticity. We find that melt memory significantly worsens core deflection, and we provide a chart to help practitioners predict this.
Michael Feuchter , Günther A. Maier , Gerald Pinter , Milan Kracalik , Stephan Laske , Günter R. Langecker, May 2010
The structural details of polymeric composites
produced by melt intercalation of polypropylene and
layered silicates have been investigated at process-related
temperatures. Various samples from different states of the
production process have been investigated at temperatures
ranging from 25 to 200°C by means of X-ray diffraction.
These states included pure polypropylene an unmodified
(MMT) and an organically modified montmorrillonite
(OMMT) a master batch (polypropylene filled with 20
wt% OMMT) and a dilute nano-composite (5 wt%
OMMT). For the determination of the long period of
polypropylene and of the interlayer distance of the silicate
platelets small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used.
To define the degree of crystallization and the crystal
lattice a wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) was used.
The structure of polymeric nano-composites was likewise
confirmed by means of differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC). By combining the results from both types of
experiments it was possible to assign energy-related
parameters to structural details.
G.R. Berger , W. Friesenbichler , G. Schöfer , G. Freudenschuß, May 2010
The new measurement apparatus is a friction tester in an injection mold. It enables the comparative analysis of the influence parameters mold material and surface, polymer, and processing conditions, by determining the static coefficient of friction ?¬0. A plate-shaped, horizontaloriented molded part is first injected. A defined vertical force is applied then and the horizontal (demolding) force, required to open the mold, is measured, where ?¬0 corresponds to the adhesion-dependant force peak at the beginning.
In this paper the effect of varying amounts of polymer coating material on the optical properties of an organic crystal of metanitroaniline (m-NA) prepared by using different solvents such as methanol MEK and acetone by solution growth technique is investigated. The crystals were obtained with an average size of about 5 X 3 X 3 mm. These crystals were coated with polystyrene to improve their NLO properties. These crystals were characterized to investigate the observation of second harmonic generation FTIR SEM X-ray and thermal analysis. The purposes of the polymer coating are to improve surface morphology of the crystal improve LASER shot withstand capacity and improve nonlinear optical (NLO) properties corresponding to SHG intensity values. Solvent used for crystal preparation is found to have a large influence on the morphology of m-NA crystal and thus the second harmonic generation intensity values.
We investigated thermal mechanical rheological properties of a binary blend of poly lactic acid (PLA) and Sapindus trifoliatus as additive in it. The blends with different percentages of Sapindus Trifoliatus were extruded and their molded properties were examined. DSC thermograms show improvement in the crystallization. Rheological properties changed drastically with increasing percentage of Sapindus Trifoliatus. Tensile strength and modulus increased by addition of Sapindus Trifoliatus. Immiscibility was measured with thermal data. It is also observed that thermal stability of blends was lower than the pure PLA.
Bruce F. Taylor, Timothy W. Womer, Robert Kadykowski, Robert A. Sickles, Jr., Luke A. Miller, May 2010
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) has been used as encapsulant for solar cell application. the curing degree needs to be controlled to optimize the property. The traditional way to characterize the gel content (crosslinking degree) is by extraction using organic solvent. This method is time consuming and environmental unfriendly due to the toxic solvent. One new way to characterize gel content is by DSC. From the exothermic residue crosslink peak the gel content can be determined. The study indicates excellent correlation between these two methods. Compared with extraction method, DSC is easier and more cost efficient.
Avinash Baji, Shing-Chung Wong, Todd A Blackledge, Siwei Leng, May 2010
Different compositions of starch/water/plasticizer slurries are prepared in a batch mixer followed by an equilibration time. The slurries were then subjected to different thermal and shear treatments. A rheological technique has been developed to track the influence of shear on the gelatinization process and the results are also supported by DSC and polarized light microscopy for static systems. Shear has a dramatic effect on gelatinization and the dependence of the onset and conclusion temperatures with slurry composition vary widely depending on the type of plasticizer used.
Avinash Baji , Shing-Chung Wong , Todd A Blackledge , Siwei Leng, May 2010
Electrospinning method was used to produce nanoscale polymer fibers. The mechanical properties and toughness of the hydroxyapatite (HAP) reinforced poly(- caprolactone) (PCL) electrospun fibers were evaluated.The mechanical response of the electrospun composites was compared with that of the non-spun compression molded composites and it was determined that mechanical properties and the toughness values were enhanced when the materialƒ??s dimensions are reduced to the nanometer length scale. The crystallinity of the spun and the non-spun composites were determined using wide angle x-ray diffraction and the effect of crystallinity was assessed.
Miroslav Pastorek, Roman ?ermák, Jana Navrátilová, Martin Obadal, May 2010
A bi-functional polyphenylene ether copolymer is produced by oxidative coupling polymerization of 2,6 xylenol and TMBPA (Tetra Methyl Bisphenol A). The
reaction takes place in a solvent, such as toluene, which
needs to be removed in an ƒ??isolationƒ? processing step.
The isolation can be done by precipitation of the
copolymer with an anti-solvent such as isopropanol or by
direct" isolation in a devolatilization extruder. This pape rde-scribes the devolatilization extrusion operation of low viscosity copolymer. Process conditions to control the desired residual solvent content in the product were investigated and the effect on the copolymer properties is reported."
Anita R. Rajan , Richard D. West , Vivak M. Malhotra, May 2010
The ultrasonic cavitation approach for the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites has proven effective for particle dispersion which improves the thermomechanical properties. However the effects of probe-style cavitation on the behavior of the polymer itself are not completely understood. While FTIR data show increased functional group intensity DSC measurements confirm no decrease in glass transition for EPON 862. It appears that sonication increases the storage modulus of epoxy especially at low temperatures though the maximum increase was observed for a sample which was sonicated for 5 minutes.
Zhihua Guo, L. James Lee, David L. Tomasko, May 2010
Due to their lighter weight, conjugated (semiconducting) polymer cells have a potential of displacing conventional silicon cells. The most studied conjugated polymer solar cell is the bulk heterojunction cell. Here, the active layer is made up of a mixture of the conjugated polymer donor and the C60 based - fullerene acceptor. The efficiency of the cell is determined, using a solar simulator and the AM1.5G standards, after determining existence of an open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current. Using Design of Experiments (DOE), Voc has been maximized. The variables considered in the DOE were solvent type, number of layers of PEDOT:PSS and polymer/fullerene mix, as well as spin-coating times and speeds, and annealing time, temperature and applications per cell layer. Other variables such as LiF insertion, electric or magnetic fields, nano-rods and nano-tubes will be studied in the future.
Jana Navrátilová , Leoš Vašek , Roman ?ermák, May 2010
The paper deals with the effects of nucleation on
photodegradation of isotactic polypropylene. The starting
polymer was modified by a specific ?-
nucleating/clarifying agent Millad 3988 based on
1 3;2 4-bis(3 4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol. Several
concentrations were applied. Samples prepared by
compression moulding were then exposed to
UV-irradiation. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the
degradation kinetics is similar for all the samples.
Melting and crystallization behaviour of irradiated
samples was followed using a differential scanning
calorimetry. In all cases UV-irradiation led to decrease
of melting/crystallization temperature as a result of
polymer degradation. The surface cracking was observed
using polarized light microscopy. The network of the
surface cracking was significantly different for neat and
nucleated samples.
Introduction
Jana Navrátilová , Leoš Vašek , Roman ?ermák, May 2010
The paper deals with the effects of nucleation on photodegradation of isotactic polypropylene. The starting polymer was modified by a specific ?ñ- nucleating/clarifying agent Millad 3988 based on 1,3;2,4-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol. Several concentrations were applied. Samples prepared by compression moulding were then exposed to UV-irradiation. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the degradation kinetics is similar for all the samples. Melting and crystallization behaviour of irradiated samples was followed using a differential scanning calorimetry. In all cases UV-irradiation led to decrease of melting/crystallization temperature as a result of polymer degradation. The surface cracking was observed using polarized light microscopy. The network of the surface cracking was significantly different for neat and nucleated samples.
Alan Stall , Thomas Hicks , Carl Frauenpreis , Vladimir Sinani , Tatyana Samoylova, May 2010
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are extraordinarily expensive, and reduced concentration solutions are sought which retain critical physical properties, especially electrical conductivity. Currently, electrical conductivity requirements usually exceed conventional twin-screw mixing capabilities, forcing processors to use higher concentrations of CNTs, or revert to the use of chemicals, additives or wet polymerization. This research covers tests and provides data on a new extensional flow mixing method designed to increase particle distribution and dispersion by performing hundreds of repetitive extensional flow cycles over a 20 second residence time, thereby significantly achieving high conductivity while decreasing CNT concentration requirements by over 40%.
Ryan Gosselin , Denis Rodrigue , Carl Duchesne , Rubén González-Nuñez, May 2010
Spectral imaging is increasingly used to develop
rapid and non-invasive analytical sensors in a variety of
fields. This paper discusses the ability of chemometrics
methods such as multivariate image analysis (MIA) and
wavelet texture analysis (WTA) to extract meaningful
information from spectral images enabling the user to
monitor subtle spatio-temporal variations in thin polymer
materials. Three case studies are proposed to illustrate the
method: (1) detecting subtle crystallinity variations across
pure polymer films (2) studying extrusion dynamics of
wood/plastic composites making it possible to follow the
mechanical properties on-line and (3) predicting the
mechanical properties of polymer blend films using both
spatial and spectral features. These case studies show that
spectral imaging can effectively be used identify local
property variability and help in overall process control.
Ryan Gosselin , Denis Rodrigue , Carl Duchesne , Rubén González-Nuñez, May 2010
Spectral imaging is increasingly used to develop rapid and non-invasive analytical sensors in a variety of fields. This paper discusses the ability of chemometrics methods, such as multivariate image analysis (MIA) and wavelet texture analysis (WTA), to extract meaningful information from spectral images, enabling the user to monitor subtle spatio-temporal variations in thin polymer materials. Three case studies are proposed to illustrate the method: (1) detecting subtle crystallinity variations across pure polymer films, (2) studying extrusion dynamics of wood/plastic composites making it possible to follow the mechanical properties on-line, and (3) predicting the mechanical properties of polymer blend films using both spatial and spectral features. These case studies show that spectral imaging can effectively be used identify local property variability and help in overall process control.
Alan Stall, Thomas Hicks, Carl Frauenpreis, Vladimir Sinani, Tatyana Samoylova, May 2010
Two savings (resource saving and energy saving) and four highs (high precision, high efficiency, high quiet, high performance price ratio) are the indicators to evaluate the performance of an injection molding machine. With the enhancement of environment consciousness, the energy consumption of an injection machine seems more important. Due to the internal circulation and servo drive system, the Internal Circulation Four-cylinder Direct-locking Two-platen Injection Molding Machine overcomes the disadvantages of the high energy consumption of the conventional full-hydraulic injection molding and reaches the highest standard of energy-saving injection molding machine. This paper firstly introduces the energy consumption composition and analyzes the energy-saving mechanism of the Internal Circulation Four-cylinder Direct-locking Two-platen Injection Molding Machine, and then verifies it by experimental means.
Alan Stall , Thomas Hicks , Carl Frauenpreis , Vladimir Sinani , Tatyana Samoylova, May 2010
Nanoclay composites require inclusion of chemicals such
as surface coatings and compatibilizers to achieve
required physical performance. However these chemicals
are costly not environmentally friendly and their use
restricts the commercial applications. This research covers
the use of a new extensional flow mixer which can make
nanocomposites without chemical additives and give
comparable results to conventional technology which does
use these chemical additives. The significance is the
elimination of the need for the expensive additives and
creating a lower cost product that has food and
environmental acceptance.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.
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