SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
Examination of Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Results of Quasi-Statically Loaded Acetal Copolymer Gears
Paul Wyluda, Dan Wolf, May 2002
An elastic-plastic finite element analysis of the quasi-static loading of two acetal copolymer gears in contact is preformed. Load verses rotation of the gear set is compared to actual experimental results. The gear geometry is modeled by plane strain elements with variable thickness between the rim and web. Gear tooth failure is modeled by both deactivating and separating elements when the tensile strength is exceeded. Failure in the tooth root is best modeled by a nonlinear approach using separating elements.
An Experimental Investigation of Screw Configuration on Temperature Rise in Single Screw-Pump Extruders
Gregory A. Campbell, Hongying Cheng, Chicheng Wang, Matthew Bullwinkel, Mary Ann te-Riele, May 2002
The focus of this investigation was to experimentally determine the effect of barrel rotation and screw rotation viscous dissipation inside the screw pump-extruder. The experimental results can be summarized by noting that barrel rotation generated higher temperature rise than screw rotation. Results are presented for seven screw configurations.
An Experimental Study of the Flows in an Energy Transfer Screw
Susan A. Somers, Mark A. Spalding, Joseph Dooley, Kun Sup Hyun, May 2002
A comparison is made between the melting, pumping, and mixing characteristics of a single-screw extruder with an Energy Transfer mixing section and a conventional screw without a mixing section. Results are given for extrusion trials, extrudate sampling, and extrusion solidification experiments performed at different screw speeds and color concentration letdown ratios.
Film Blowing of a Narrow Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Michael A. McLeod, May 2002
Four homopolymer high density polyethylene (HDPE) resins were evaluated for their blown film properties. Film was blown in both conventional linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) configuration and high molecular weight - high density polyethylene (HMW-HDPE) configuration. Water vapor transmission rates were reduced by nearly 50% in the HMW-HDPE configuration for the narrow molecular weight resins. Haze increased and gloss decreased for the same polymers. The broad molecular weight polymer showed only small changes in these properties.
Film Properties for Good Performance on Vertical Form/Fill/Seal Packaging Machines
Terry A. Clark, John R. Wagner, Jr., May 2002
Technological improvements of flexible form, fill and seal packaging machines are yielding exceptional line speeds, productivity rates and bag features. This paper discusses the evolution of vertical packaging machine development and how it has impacted plastic film properties (e.g. COF, sealing temperature range, hot tack) required for optimal performance.
Fin Assembly in Energy Management
Kal Renganathan Sharma, May 2002
Heat sinking in electronic components in VLSI can be any method by fin assemblies in different configuration. The periodic heating is studied using hyperbolic heat wave propagative equation complex variables. The flux reversal is studied.
Foaming with Microspheres in Rotational Molding
E. Takács, J. Vlachopoulos, C. Rosenbusch, May 2002
A fundamental study of the microcellular foamed structure in rotational molding was conducted by using polymer microspheres as a blowing agent. The influence of the viscosity, temperature dependence of viscosity and first normal difference of different resins on the cell morphology and the tensile properties of the foamed parts was investigated.
Fundamental Characterization of Polypropylene Extrusion
Eric E. Stangland, Joseph Dooley, Mark A. Spalding, EungKyu Kim, Kun Sup Hyun, May 2002
It is known industry wide that polypropylene (PP) resins plasticate in single-screw extruders at rates that are less than those for linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins. The goal of this research is to show the magnitude of this rate reduction, and the physical properties related to processing that are causing the rate reduction.
GE Plastics Method for Titanium Dioxide Color Measurement: A Six Sigma Approach to Improving Titanium Dioxide Color Measurement Error
James Barren, Alex Shakhnovich, May 2002
The measurement of titanium dioxide color is one which has historically had a large degree of error associated with it, typically quantified as the measurement standard deviation error. The determination of this measurement error is typically obtained by performing the 6 Sigma designed experiment known as a Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (GR& R) Study.
High Accuracy Shrinkage and Warpage Prediction for Injection Molding
Peter Kennedy, Rong Zheng, May 2002
Shrinkage and warpage prediction of injection molded components relies on the calculation of residual stresses developed during the molding process. We present a method for increasing the accuracy of residual stress calculation. The method is applicable to amorphous and semi-crystalline materials and is effective for both filled and unfilled materials. Results obtained using the method on 3D geometry models will be presented and compared to experimental results.
Identification of Dynamic Process Models for Polymer Extrusion
Linda Caldwell, Steve Thompson, Gerry McNally, May 2002
From simple step experiments, it was observed that the rate at which heat is added to a polymer extrusion process through friction forces and the system heating elements is different to the rate of natural or forced cooling. This indicates that a single model that attempts to describe both heating and cooling is inadequate for control system design. A method for finding heating and cooling models using system identification techniques is demonstrated.
Improved Material Modeling for the FEA by the Specific Use of Campus-Data
M. Glißmann, W. Michaeli, May 2002
The material database CAMPUS is increasingly used as data supplier for structure simulations (FEA) in plastics product development departments. The calibration of material models with mechanical data of the database means a large expenditure, especially if different materials have to be compared. Thus, a concept is developed, which characterizes the material behavior in a large strain rate, strain and temperature range with a high automation degree. So the expenditure is considerably reduced and an improved plastics-oriented simulation is realized.
Injection Molding and Color: A Basic Look at Design, Processing, & Troubleshooting
Greg Angel, May 2002
The use of color additives in the injection molding process is one of the most effective ways to add value to molded parts. Considerations must be made, however, on how additives are measured, handled, and processed, as well as attention paid to any cross-functional features the final part may require.This paper will examine basic design considerations for adding color at the press vs. using precolored resins in terms of final costs, handling, and processing.
In-Line Measurement of Dispersed Phase Properties Using the Scanning Particle Monitor
L.D. Ing, S.T. Balke, N.V. Brewster, May 2002
The scanning particle monitor (SPM) provides in-line imaging of low concentrations of dispersed phases (e.g. particles, droplets, microgel) at different points across a translucent polymer melt flowing in an extruder. Quantitative measures of size, velocity, and concentration are currently being obtained in polyethylene-based systems. The monitor's ability to scan across a flow channel provides three-dimensional information on the dispersed phase properties. Customization of the system for manufacturing environments is in progress.
Innovation in Extrusion
Chris Rauwendaal, May 2002
This paper describes past and recent innovations in extrusion technology. Issues related to implementation of innovation will be discussed with examples of successful as well as unsuccessful implementations. In the end, we will try to look into the future and speculate on possible new developments in extrusion and their effect on the plastics industry.
Innovative Thermoplastic Vulcanizates for Airbag Covers
Edwin Willems, Cees Ozinga, May 2002
Driver and passenger safety continues to grow in importance in the automotive industry due to regulatory and market drivers. The increasing demands in airbag technology have challenged the material requirements to extreme levels.This paper describes the development of a new series of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs), specially designed for airbag covers. The new materials have proven to be very competitive with other materials in this segment due to its reliable performance in a broad temperature range.
In-Situ Polymerization and Nano-Templating Phenomenon in Nylon Fiber/PMMA Composite Laminates
Terrence C. Caskey, Alan J. Lesser, Thomas J. McCarthy, May 2002
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC CO2) is used as a reaction/processing medium in the fabrication of fiber reinforced composite materials. SC CO2 allows resin to wet out fiber reinforcement and penetrate inside the fibers themselves. This process produces a composite that exhibits ultra-long range order from the nano-scale to the macro-scale. This paper will discuss the fabrication technique in detail including process parameters and the structure of resulting composites and morphology of modified fibers.
An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of a New Class of Insert Based Rotor Stator Extruder Mixers
Robin Hilder, May 2002
Extruders are generally long pipes, which, although an excellent choice for many of its functions, is not ideal for mixing.With a rotor larger in diameter than the extruder to which it is attached our system can deliver excellent distributive and dispersive mixing and the use of mixing inserts allows process conditions to be easily changed.In particular the geometry allows for very high rates of cutting despite very short distances between inlet and outlet.
Investigation into Silinosis Coupling of Polyethylene Polymer Chains
Scott J. Moravek, Kyle G. Astor, May 2002
Crosslinked polyethylene is commonly used for hot water applications. The objective of this investigation is to find the optimal loading of an ethanol based silane coupling agent. This will be tested by performing a heated tensile test. This will indicate the polymers crosslink density and modulus. The goal is to find the optimal balance of crosslink density that will yield a pliable final material that can withstand the necessary temperature ranges for hot water applications.
Investigation of Applicability of Two Biodegradable Polymers for Mechanical Applications
Rolf Koster, May 2002
Three types of specimens of a polyester-amide and a poly-hydroxybutyrate have been tensile and tensile-impact tested. These specimens represent different geometric characteristics; one specimen has a cold weld line. The influence of injection molding settings on tensile behavior was in agreement with tensile-impact results. Embrittlement was found for all specimen types and both materials after 20 months of storage. The beneficial effect of annealing on toughness was shown for poly-hydroxybutyrate specimens without weld line.
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