SPE Library
The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Conference Proceedings
Thermogravimetry (TGA) of Polymers Poster
Andrew W. Salamon, R. Bruce Cassel, May 1999
This poster describes Thermogravimetry (TGA) as a useful analytical tool for the plastics industry. Whether a TGA is used for compositional analysis of material, identification of filler in the material, a material's carbon black content, or moisture content, this poster will be valuable to engineers, scientists, and technicians.
Biaxial Vibration Welding of Polypropylene
Jörg Vetter, Gottfried W. Ehrenstein, May 1999
Vibration welding machines with biaxial amplitudes were designed to close the gap between traditional linear friction movement and ultrasonic welding. Several advantages are claimed, although no scientific results on this innovative joining technology have been published so far. In this work, linear/biaxial vibration welding experiments have been made on sensor-equipped machines. A considerable influence of amplitude on temperature in the welding zone and of joining pressure on short-time mechanical joint strength exists for polypropylene plates.
Investigation of a Thin-Walled Thermoplastic Metal Hybrid
Gaoming Zhao, Gottfried W. Ehrenstein, May 1999
Based on the researched material combinations, warpage of a T-formed thermoplastic metal composite with a large contact area depends mainly on the shrinkage of the thermoplastic and on the pre-heating temperature of metal parts. The bearing strength increases linearly with the number of the rivet holes and depends on their geometries and the pre-heating temperature. The adhesion between the zinc-plated steel and PA6-GF30 at the pre-heating temperature of 250°C is greater than the tensile resistance of the thermoplastic part.
Progressive Failure Analysis of Fiber Composite Structures
Matt H. Triplett, May 1999
A progressive failure analysis of fiber reinforced composite laminates using finite element analysis is presented. The progressive failure model is based on the Hashin-Rotem failure criterion, which separates fiber and matrix failure modes. In the analysis, the lamina material properties are reduced depending on the failure mode until ultimate failure of the laminate is reached. The progressive failure analysis is compared to published tensile experiments on various carbon/epoxy laminated structures with good agreement.
Rheological Properties and Numerical Simulation of S-PVC Formulations in Extrusion Dies
T. Glomsaker, E.L. Hinrichsen, Å. Larsen, P. Thorsteinsen, May 1999
We report effects of formulation and sample preparations on measured rheological properties relevant for constitutive modelling of die flow in PVC extrusion. Numerical simulations are performed in order to separate non-isothermal and viscoelastic effects in the extrusion experiments as well as self-consistency between constitutive models and measurements.
Design of a Novel Extrusion System for Manufacturing Microcellular Polymer
Bernd Seibig, Quan Huang, Dieter Paul, May 1999
The described system for the production of microcellular hollow fiber is based on the thermic extrusion of polymers under addition of CO2 as a blowing agent by means of pressure build-up and drop-off. The design of a novel extrusion system is presented according to this concept, which involves a modular configured co-rotating twin screw extruder, a gear melt pump and a designed die. Microcellular foams have been successfully produced using this system.
Melt Extruded Open-Cell Microcellular Foams for Membrane Separation: Processing and Cell Morphology Relationship
Quan Huang, Bernd Seibig, Dieter Paul, May 1999
This paper presents an experimental study on the manufacture of microcellular polycarbonate in a designed twin-screw extrusion system using CO2 as blowing agent. Open-cell microcellular polycarbonate foams in the form of hollow fiber were produced with a cell density on the order of 109-1010 cell/cm3 and an average cell size in the range of 5-10 µm. The effects of the processing conditions on the cell morphology and the cell-opening technique are described.
Superior Customer Service: A Competitive Advantage
Margaret H. Baumann, May 1999
In this period of increased competition and expected quality superior customer service remains an area for differentiation and competitive advantage. Technology has offered customer service enabling tools but does not ensure superior customer service. This paper will discuss what is superior customer service" today and in the future and how your company can gain a competitive advantage through its customer service."
Importance of Injection Molding Parameters for Mechanical Performance of Cold Flow Weld Lines
R.P. Koster, May 1999
Tensile and tensile-impact test results are reported on specimens with a cold weld line and identical specimens without weld line. Pairs of specimens without and with weld line have been injection molded simultaneously. Test results indicate that the effect of flow-induced stresses on weld line strength should be taken into account, in addition to the well-known influence of material temperatures during molding.
A Unified Approach for Thermoforming Numerical Simulation
M. Rachik, J.M. Roelandt, May 1999
In this paper, we present a unified approach for numerical simulation of thermoforming process. In contrast with iterative methods and dynamic explicit scheme, we propose a high order explicit algorithm based on the classical 4th order Runge-Kutta scheme. The proposed procedure is used to solve the global equilibrium equations and to integrate the sheet viscoelastic constitutive model. The error and time step size control is performed at each level which increase the procedure robustness and efficiency.
Feasibility of the Use of Polystyrene/Polypropylene Blends
R. Sciamanna, C. Albano, G. Arribas, May 1999
The purpose of this investigation is to study the feasibility of PS/PP blends. The analysis of the results shows that compatibilization of the blend with one kind of SBS copolymer improves some mechanical properties of the blend. However, the amount of copolymer to be added depends on the intended specific uses. The cost/profit relation must always be observed.
Processing Trends of Metallocene Linear Low Density Polyethylenes and Their Influence on Single Screw Design
K.R. Slusarz, C.A. Ronaghan, J.P. Christiano, May 1999
New families of polyolefin resins using single site catalysis technology, are being produced to enhance resin properties. The changes to the molecular architecture of these resins effect the rheological, thermal, frictional, and elastic properties; all of which play a significant role in screw design. This paper will investigate several polyolefin plastomers and compare them to a conventional linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) to determine their impact on screw design.
Computing an Injection Fill Speed from a Relative Viscosity Curve
J.R. Wareham, J.D. Ratzlaff, May 1999
On-machine rheology is a methodology of determining the flow characteristics of a material at a given temperature with a specific mold and machine. [5] This methodology can be used to help determine the best injection fill speed to be used for a given material, machine and mold combination. This study presents a mathematical method to obtain an injection fill speed starting point when setting up a new mold, machine and material combination.
In Situ Polymer-Polymer Composites
I. Pesneau, A. Aït Kadi, M. Bousmina, P. Cassagnau, A. Michel, May 1999
In situ polymer-polymer composites of polypropylene / polyamide (PP/PA) have been obtained by a two step process. In the first step the components were extruded and the blend has been stretched at the exit of the die. In the second step, the blend was molded either by compression or by injection to obtain real organic composite materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties.
Polymer Melt Formation and Densification in Rotational Molding
M. Kontopoulou, E. Takács, J. Vlachopoulos, May 1999
Polymer melt densification, involving particle coalescence followed by the formation and dissolution of bubbles, has been studied in order to evaluate how it is affected by powder properties, chemical structure, thermal properties and rheology. A variety of rotomolding grade resins have been tested, in an effort to understand the mechanisms involved in the melt formation and its subsequent densification.
Effect of Formulation and Processing Conditions on the Viscosity of Masterbatches
Bob Zeller, May 1999
Adding colorants and additives in masterbatches may affect the rheological properties of the resins into which they are mixed, but the extent of this effect has not been fully investigated. This paper reports on a design of experiments (DOE) study of the effect of 3 common colorants, 2 lubricants, a filler, an antioxidant, and 2 processing parameters (melt temperature and screw speed), on the viscosity of a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) masterbatch. The series of experiments determined that only the lubricant and filler had a significant impact on resin rheology.
Press Forming of Filled and Short Fiber Reinforced Nylon-6
Z. Xia, P.K. Mallick, May 1999
An experimental study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of press forming mineral filled and short glass fiber reinforced nylon-6. Press forming was conducted in a matched metal die much like the stamping operation used for sheet metals. The process parameters studied were the sheet preheating temperature, die temperature, forming pressure and sheet clamping. It was shown that with proper adjustment of some of these parameters, both mineral filled and short glass fiber reinforced nylon-6 could be successfully press formed.
Foaming of Polypropylene in Extrusion Processes
Erik Andreassen, Kjetil L. Børve, Kari Rommetveit, Keith Redford, May 1999
Various polypropylene grades were foamed using a small general-purpose twin-screw extruder. Cell diameters of ~70 µm and foam densities of ~14 kg/m3 were achieved with a conventional linear PP, using iso-butane as foaming agent. Linear and branched PP grades were subjected to dynamic rheometry and instrumented haul-off measurements, and the results are discussed in terms of melt strength, viscosity and elasticity. Promising results were obtained for branched materials produced by reactive extrusion.
Simulation of Draw Resonance in Film Casting Using a Material Description of Motion
Spencer Smith, Dieter Stolle, May 1999
This paper summarizes a strategy for the numerical simulation of film casting. The strategy incorporates time-stepping, an updated Lagrangian description of motion and viscoelasticity. The results for an approximately viscous solution agree very well with the theoretical solutions. For a Maxwell fluid it is noted that, as the relaxation time increases, the thickness gradient at the die increases and the velocity decreases. Also, for the case considered, a moderate relaxation time seems to destabilize the polymer.
Designing with Glass Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Composites II - Long Term Creep Considerations
Martin E. Woods, Rabeh Elleithy, May 1999
Six years ago we initiated a long term study on the effect of time and temperature on the data sheet modulus values for glass fiber reinforced vinyl composites. Results after the first year showed that the measured creep modulii were higher than those predicted by time-temperature superposition of dynamic mechanical data. This paper presents five years of additional creep data and examines the effect of sample aging on the creep predictions.
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