The SPE Library contains thousands of papers, presentations, journal briefs and recorded webinars from the best minds in the Plastics Industry. Spanning almost two decades, this collection of published research and development work in polymer science and plastics technology is a wealth of knowledge and information for anyone involved in plastics.
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Chun Lee , William Podborny , Tim Schloemer, May 2008
Interlayer adhesion between tie and barrier layers in blown and cast film plays a major role in determining the performance of tie layer resins in barrier applications. In general, tie-layer adhesion increases and film clarity decreases with increased maleic anhydride functionality (MAF). The tie resin employed for this investigation showed reduced adhesion to EVOH even with increased MAF. Understanding such unusual behavior is an important aspect of the structure of tie-layer resins to be used in industrial barrier packaging applications. We investigated structural factors of the tie resins using rheological measurements. It was found that dynamic shear rheological data does not provide useful information to understand tie layer performance. However, extensional rheological data showed useful information to understand tie resin performance. The strain-hardening behavior of the tie-layer resin during the melt extensional process plays a major role in determining the interfacial adhesion between tie and EVOH layers and clarity, regardless of a given range of MAF levels.
I. Sedat Gunes , Guillermo A. Jimenez , Feina Cao , Sadhan C. Jana, May 2008
Design and performance criteria for multifunctional
shape memory polymer (SMP) nanocomposites
were studied. A comparative analysis of nanocomposites
with augmented recovery stress and ability to respond to
the application of electrical voltage and light were
investigated. The role of filler type filler-matrix
interactions synthesis/processing conditions and thermal
expansion were investigated. It was found that the presence
of exfoliated organoclay significantly augmented the
recovery stress. The presence of carbonaceous fillers such
as carbon nanofiber and carbon black in SMP composites
was used to generate shape memory response from the
application of electrical voltage and light.
I. Sedat Gunes , Guillermo A. Jimenez , Feina Cao , Sadhan C. Jana, May 2008
Design and performance criteria for multifunctional shape memory polymer (SMP) nanocomposites were studied. A comparative analysis of nanocomposites with augmented recovery stress and ability to respond to the application of electrical voltage and light were investigated. The role of filler type, filler-matrix interactions, synthesis/processing conditions, and thermal expansion were investigated. It was found that the presence of exfoliated organoclay significantly augmented the recovery stress. The presence of carbonaceous fillers, such as carbon nanofiber and carbon black in SMP composites was used to generate shape memory response from the application of electrical voltage and light.
O.S. Rodríguez Fernández , F. Y. Castellanos , R. Betancourt Galindo , I.G. Yáñez-Flores, May 2008
Two different magnetic nanocomposites of plasticized
poly(vinylchoride) (PVC) were prepared using ? Fe2O3
(magnetite). In one case the PVC was uncrosslinked; in
the second case the magnetite particles were modified with
3-aminopropyl-trietoxysilane (ATES) which successfully
induced crosslinking. Plastisols of both systems were
prepared by mixing DOP PVC and nanoparticles. Films
were prepared by static casting and gelling of the
plastisols at 180°C. The nanocomposite films thus
obtained were characterized by vibrating sample
magnetometry. Both samples showed superparamagnetic
behavior at room temperature with an expected decrease
in saturation magnetization due to surface effects. Stress
strain curves were obtained with the crosslinked system
showing a higher modulus. Dynamic mechanical analysis
(DMA) was used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior
of both systems. The crosslinked system showed an
extension of the elastic region. After Soxhlet extraction
the crosslinked system showed 5 to 7% gel as insoluble
material further supporting the effective crosslinking.
O.S. Rodríguez Fernández , F. Y. Castellanos , R. Betancourt Galindo , I.G. Yáñez-Flores, May 2008
Two different magnetic nanocomposites of plasticizedpoly(vinylchoride) (PVC) were prepared using ?? Fe2O3(magnetite). In one case the PVC was uncrosslinked; in the second case the magnetite particles were modified with 3-aminopropyl-trietoxysilane (ATES), which successfully induced crosslinking. Plastisols of both systems were prepared by mixing DOP, PVC and nanoparticles. Films were prepared by static casting and gelling of the plastisols at 180?øC. The nanocomposite films thus obtained were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometry. Both samples showed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature with an expected decrease in saturation magnetization due to surface effects. Stress strain curves were obtained with the crosslinked system showing a higher modulus. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of both systems. The crosslinked system showed an extension of the elastic region. After Soxhlet extraction, the crosslinked system showed 5 to 7% gel as insolublematerial further supporting the effective crosslinking.
Jia (Daniel) Liu , Hung-Jue Sue , Zachary J. Thompson , Frank S. Bates, May 2008
A block copolymer (BCP) toughening agent which
forms self-assembled spherical micelle particles (15 nm)
was utilized to toughen epoxy. The nano-sized BCP at 5
wt% concentration can significantly improve the fracture
toughness of epoxy without deterioration in modulus and
with only a slight reduction in glass transition temperature
(Tg). The major toughening mechanisms are found to be
BCP nanoparticle cavitation-induced matrix shear
banding. Possible reasons responsible for the remarkable
mechanical property improvements due to the BCP
modification are discussed.
Jia (Daniel) Liu , Hung-Jue Sue , Zachary J. Thompson , Frank S. Bates , Marv Dettloff , George Jacob , Nikhil Verghese , Ha Pham, May 2008
A block copolymer (BCP) toughening agent, which forms self-assembled spherical micelle particles (15 nm), was utilized to toughen epoxy. The nano-sized BCP at 5 wt% concentration can significantly improve the fracture toughness of epoxy without deterioration in modulus and with only a slight reduction in glass transition temperature (Tg). The major toughening mechanisms are found to be BCP nanoparticle cavitation-induced matrix shear banding. Possible reasons responsible for the remarkable mechanical property improvements due to the BCP modification are discussed.
Arun K. Kota , Rachel Kerzner , David Bigio , Hugh Bruck, May 2008
Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) the effectof solvent processing and twin-screw extrusion (TSE) onthe weight loss rates and the corresponding temperatureswas investigated. Extruded composites exhibited higherthermal stability than the solvent processing ones. Highershear rates in extrusion also led to higher thermalstability. Furthermore it was observed that thenormalized weight loss of CNFs can provide a means ofcharacterizing the degree of dispersion resulting from theprocessing of the composites that complementsconventional microscopy techniques.
Gregory A. Campbell , Mark A. Spalding , Zirong Tang, May 2008
The focus of this investigation was to develop a new
alternative model for the melting dynamics of the solid
bed in single-screw extruders. Re-analysis of literature
single-screw melting data has determined the rate of loss
of material in the cross channel (x) direction and the solid
bed thickness direction (y) of several melting data sets.
The new analysis demonstrates that the polymer solid bed
goes to zero dimension in the thickness direction well
before the solid bed width is consumed. This observation
is contrary to the historical assumption that the crosschannel
width of the solid bed dominates the melting rate.
In this paper we present a new physical concept for
melting in single-screw extruders that is consistent with
the new data analysis. We developed a dynamic melting
model and then simulated this first-order theory. The
simulation qualitatively fits the literature observations for
melting.
Gregory A. Campbell , Mark A. Spalding , Zirong Tang, May 2008
The focus of this investigation was to develop a new alternative model for the melting dynamics of the solid bed in single-screw extruders. Re-analysis of literature single-screw melting data has determined the rate of loss of material in the cross channel (x) direction and the solid bed thickness direction (y) of several melting data sets. The new analysis demonstrates that the polymer solid bed goes to zero dimension in the thickness direction well before the solid bed width is consumed. This observation is contrary to the historical assumption that the crosschannel width of the solid bed dominates the melting rate. In this paper we present a new physical concept for melting in single-screw extruders that is consistent with the new data analysis. We developed a dynamic melting model and then simulated this first-order theory. The simulation qualitatively fits the literature observations for melting.
Very often plastics manufacturers utilize scratch and maradditives to reduce the occurrence of surface defects. Theefficacy and performance of these anti-scratch additivesmay vary based upon the composition and type of theresin. In this study the effect of elastomer and fillercontent of the TPO resin was investigated in relationshipto scratch and mar additive SM1 (Ciba Irgasurf SR 100).It was found that at 19-30% elastomer content the effectof SM1 on increasing the impact strength is maximizedand in some cases could exceed the 50% mark.Consequently the scratch resistance at this particularrange was also found to be optimized. Fillers such talcare known to affect negatively the scratch resistance ofTPOs based upon their increasing content typically inthe range of 20-30%. The substantially increased scratchresistance of the resin at this range due to the presence ofSM1 will be discussed herein.
This paper investigates two well known Computer
Aided Engineering (CAE) softwares that simulate the
plastics injection molding process. All aspects of the
simulation were taken into account from mesh to material
data and feed system design. For validation purposes two
different parts with varying geometries and with two
different materials were used to reach further into the
spectrum of the simulations. Typical results were
examined such as fill time and part temperature but also
flow patterns flow leading behavior and other special
interest results. Although the approach was quite different
for each software results showed very similar outcomes.
One software had more accurate results whereas the other
having a less average variance from experimentally found
results.
This paper investigates two well known Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) softwares that simulate the plastics injection molding process. All aspects of the simulation were taken into account, from mesh to material data and feed system design. For validation purposes two different parts with varying geometries and with two different materials were used to reach further into the spectrum of the simulations. Typical results were examined, such as fill time and part temperature, but also flow patterns, flow leading behavior, and other special interest results. Although the approach was quite different for each software, results showed very similar outcomes.One software had more accurate results, whereas the other having a less average variance from experimentally found results.
In this paper effects of dynamical cure and
compatibilization on the morphology and
properties of the PP/epoxy blends were studied.
The addition of maleic anhydride-grafted
polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) and dynamical
cure of epoxy by dicyanamide give rise to
decrease the average diameter of epoxy
particles in the PP/epoxy blends. Dynamical
cure of the epoxy resin leads to an improvement
in the modulus and strength of the PP/epoxy
blends and the addition of MAH-g-PP results in
an increase in the impact strength. Wide-angle
X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis shows that
the PP/epoxy blends have the same crystalline
structure as pure PP indicating dynamical cure
and compatibilization do not disturb the
crystalline structure of the PP/epoxy blends.
In this paper, effects of dynamical cure and compatibilization on the morphology and properties of the PP/epoxy blends were studied.The addition of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAH-g-PP) and dynamical cure of epoxy by dicyanamide give rise to decrease the average diameter of epoxy particles in the PP/epoxy blends. Dynamical cure of the epoxy resin leads to an improvement in the modulus and strength of the PP/epoxy blends, and the addition of MAH-g-PP results in an increase in the impact strength. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) analysis shows that the PP/epoxy blends have the same crystalline structure as pure PP, indicating dynamical cure and compatibilization do not disturb the crystalline structure of the PP/epoxy blends.
Wen-Ren Jong , Tai-Chih Li , Shia-Chung Chen , Chun-Jen Shih , Po-Jung Lai , Chun-Hsien Wu , Ming-Yan Li, May 2008
With the flourishing development of 3C industry the
products are becoming more and more diversified and the
life cycle keeps reducing. Nowadays in order to maintain
and enhance competitiveness it is important for
enterprises to shorten the time of mold design and
manufacturing train new engineers in the shortest time
and upgrade the quality of products.
This paper presents a mold-design navigating system
with knowledge management; especially for some
automatic design capabilities of core-cavity separation
interference detection and cooling-line design safety.
Not only do these functions save design time and prevent
man-made errors but they also accumulate enterprise
knowledge to provide consistent transparent systematic
and reasonable mold-design. Each function is executed in
a navigated process with built-in knowledge to offer the
capabilities of automatic design.
Wen-Ren Jong , Tai-Chih Li , Shia-Chung Chen , Chun-Jen Shih , Po-Jung Lai , Chun-Hsien Wu , Ming-Yan Li, May 2008
With the flourishing development of 3C industry, the products are becoming more and more diversified and the life cycle keeps reducing. Nowadays, in order to maintain and enhance competitiveness, it is important for enterprises to shorten the time of mold design and manufacturing, train new engineers in the shortest time, and upgrade the quality of products.This paper presents a mold-design navigating system with knowledge management; especially for some automatic design capabilities of core-cavity separation, interference detection, and cooling-line design safety.Not only do these functions save design time and prevent man-made errors, but they also accumulate enterprise knowledge to provide consistent, transparent, systematic, and reasonable mold-design. Each function is executed in a navigated process with built-in knowledge to offer the capabilities of automatic design.
Wen-Ren Jong , Tzu-Chun Lin , Po-Jung Lai , Tai-Chih Li , Chun-Hsien Wu , Ming-Yan Li, May 2008
In recent years mold manufacturing and development
has become more and more complex because of the
diversity of market demand and the time reduction of
product manufacturing. Due to the diversities of the
product it is almost impossible to manage and arrange all
mold components effectively during the process of
manufacturing. Therefore this research utilizes the
embedded functions of CAD (Pro/E Wildfire) to combine
mold-manufacturing planning system with CAD tool. The
personnel of production management only need to go
through the interface of planning system and the
standardized process step by step. Then it reduces the
chances of errors occurring during operation and improves
the efficiency of production as well. Mold-manufacturing
planning system can be integrated with mold-design
navigating system. The design can be arranged directly
through planning system and it makes the system
consistent and efficient so that the personnel of production
management are able to arrange schedule easily.
Wen-Ren Jong , Tzu-Chun Lin , Po-Jung Lai , Tai-Chih Li , Chun-Hsien Wu , Ming-Yan Li, May 2008
In recent years, mold manufacturing and development has become more and more complex because of the diversity of market demand and the time reduction of product manufacturing. Due to the diversities of the product, it is almost impossible to manage and arrange all mold components effectively during the process of manufacturing. Therefore, this research utilizes the embedded functions of CAD (Pro/E Wildfire) to combine mold-manufacturing planning system with CAD tool. The personnel of production management only need to go through the interface of planning system and the standardized process step by step. Then, it reduces the chances of errors occurring during operation and improves the efficiency of production as well. Mold-manufacturing planning system can be integrated with mold-design navigating system. The design can be arranged directly through planning system, and it makes the system consistent and efficient so that the personnel of production management are able to arrange schedule easily.
Christina Sabine Härter , Hans-Gerhard Fritz, May 2008
The European Commission 6th Framework Program Cooperative
Research Project “Plug Materials Influence on
Final Part Quality in the Thermoforming Process” with
Project acronym “PlugIn” has as its goal to improve the
understanding of plug assist thermoforming to increase
productivity and competitiveness of the European
thermoforming industry. This paper presents the PlugIn
project work investigating the dependence of part wall
thickness due to changes in plug-sheet material
combination plug geometry plug velocity plug depth
and forming temperature.
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Any article that is cited in another manuscript or other work is required to use the correct reference style. Below is an example of the reference style for SPE articles:
Brown, H. L. and Jones, D. H. 2016, May.
"Insert title of paper here in quotes,"
ANTEC 2016 - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA May 23-25, 2016. [On-line].
Society of Plastics Engineers
Available: www.4spe.org.
Note: if there are more than three authors you may use the first author's name and et al. EG Brown, H. L. et al.